Effect of <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> pericarp extract on glial NF‑κB levels and expression of serum inflammation markers in an obese‑type 2 diabetes mellitus animal model

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an age‑related disease associated with cerebral inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Garcinia mangostana pericarp (GMP) possesses antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic anti‑inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effect GMP extract on in Wistar rats T2DM by examining expression levels glial nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB), interleukin (IL)‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) superoxide dismutase (SOD). A total 36 8‑10‑week‑old male were randomly divided into six groups provided a standard diet (normal control; C1), high‑fat (HFD) 200 g/kg BW/day (GMP C2), HFD streptozotocin‑nicotinamide (diabetic C3), 100 (M1), (M2) or 400 body weight (BW)/day (M3) for diabetes. administered 8 weeks after induction confirmed. Glial NF‑κB activity assessed immunohistochemical staining, measuring IL‑6 levels, TNF‑α SOD serum using ELISA. BW significantly increased following treatment. After 7 weeks, remained higher compared normal control extract‑treated groups, but decreased continuously groups. immunoreaction hippocampal region diabetic rats, reduced its activity. showed lower rats. Meanwhile, M1, M2 M3 exhibited significant reductions expression, increases treatment effectively NF‑κB, antioxidant These results suggest that prevents